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Scott

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Expanding on my previous "schelling point for rage" comment... [Feb. 1st, 2011|02:14 pm]
Scott
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I've been obsessively watching events in Egypt the past few weeks.

When I was younger, I always imagined dictatorships as surviving whenever the dictator had a majority of power in the country. If the percentage of people x weapons controlled by the dictator's supporters was greater than the percentage of people x weapons controlled the dictator's opponents, the dictator won; once the rebels got more power, the dictator got overthrown.

That was, of course, wildly simplistic. Rebellion is first and foremost a coordination problem. I can easily conceive of a state in which every single person hates the dictator, but which is still unable to rebel successfully. Stalinist Russia might have been such a state. Everyone knew that ey, personally, hated Stalin. But if he were to ask eir neighbor whether the neighbor also hated Stalin, then the neighbor might report him to the secret police for asking suspicious questions (each individual secret policeman may also hate Stalin, but he continues to enforce Stalin's orders because if he didn't, he expects the other secret policemen to turn on him.) In this model, a rebellion would not succeed until everyone realizes the true extent of anti-Stalin sentiment.

But even that model is too simplistic. A situation in which everyone knows everyone hates Stalin is not sufficient to overthrow Stalin; if I know everyone hates Stalin, I may still suspect that no one else knows this, and so everyone else might comply with Stalin's orders out of fear, presumably including Stalin's order to kill me if I recommend overthrowing him. What we really need is a model in which everyone knows everyone hates Stalin and everyone knows everyone knows (...) everyone hates Stalin, where the (...) represents n repetitions of "everyone knows" - I'm not entirely sure whether n equals the population of the country or infinity.

Actually, the situation is a lot like the blue eyes riddle I mentioned a while ago. It's not enough that everyone knows at least one person has blue eyes, nor enough that everyone knows everyone knows at least one person has blue eyes - you've got to get an even longer chain of "everyone knows" before interesting things start happening.

The real-world upshot of this problem seems to be that even when everyone knows a dictator is unpopular, people won't protest unless they think everyone else will protest. This ends up getting bogged down in self-reference: lots of people will protest if and only if they think lots of people will protest.

This sounds a lot like a Schelling point problem. Schelling points are a concept in game theory, where they mean "an option which is chosen not because it has any natural advantage, but because everybody expects everybody else to choose that option". The classic example is a city with ten identical bars, one of which calls itself "a singles bar". There's no particular feature of the bar that makes it good for singles, but all the single boys want to go where the single girls are, all the single girls want to go where the single boys are, so they all meet up at the singles bar and everything works out. Another example is that party game I can't remember the name of where someone asks a question and you get points for giving, not the right answer, but the most popular answer.

So the secret to a successful revolution seems to be having a Schelling point. I think the Egyptian revolution was so successful because the previous Tunisian revolution had just succeeded. That meant everyone in Egypt to some degree expected to have a succesful revolution , which meant they were more willing to start a revolution, which means it is more likely to succeed.

I have a feeling there ought to be a bunch of ways to take advantage of this. For example, if the UN decreed January 1st of every new decade to be Official Worldwide Hold A Rebellion Against Your Dictator Day, and everyone agreed to this, then I expect many of the revolutions started on January 1st of new decades would be successful, since everyone knows that's when everyone else will be revolting. Well, unless the dictators also knew January 1st was the day they should send out the riot police to suppress revolts. It's not a perfect system.

If you think that's stupid, keep in mind it's more or less how most of the world currently operates. In America, every four years we choose a day when everyone comes out and states whether they want to revolt or not. If a majority do, we skip the unpleasant part where the revolt actually happens and move straight to the part where we change leaders. The results aren't always that good, but it sure beats getting tear gassed.
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Comments:
[User Picture]From: mme_n_b
2011-02-01 04:31 pm (UTC)

Just curious

What on Earth makes you believe that everyone hated Stalin?
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[User Picture]From: hentaikid
2011-02-01 07:20 pm (UTC)

Re: Just curious

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[User Picture]From: mindstalk
2013-01-14 03:48 pm (UTC)

Re: Just curious

Flaw: a poll now can be greatly colored by nostalgia for stability and services such as they were; it's not inconsistent with everyone hating Stalin then.

Remembering self isn't the same as the experiencing self.
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[User Picture]From: hentaikid
2013-01-15 10:00 pm (UTC)

Re: Just curious

True, also the polled aren't necessarily the people who were alive during the man's reign.

Aside: I look forward to eventually receiving comment replies to things I wrote decades ago, written by people who haven't been born yet. I didn't realize I'd been reading this blog since 2011
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[User Picture]From: squid314
2011-02-02 06:35 pm (UTC)

Re: Just curious

You're right, I totally made that up. I know Stalin purged people from all classes of society including his own chief lieutenants, which made me think that he was unlikely to have a loyal military class, but that could just have been his own paranoia.
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[User Picture]From: cynicalcleric
2011-02-03 11:00 pm (UTC)

Re: Just curious

Stalin is much like the leaders of North Korea: they should be immensely unpopular because they're repressive, destructive, and batshit insane. But they have popularity in their own countries because they successfully cultivated a Cult Of Personality, until alot of the people really believed the bullshit being peddled to them by Beloved Leader.

It probably helps that Stalin "won" World War II.

Also, if you had to name the Top 5 greatest Russian leaders in history, who would you name? I don't know if Russia has had 5 great leaders. Off the top of my head Peter, Catherine, and Gorbachev are about the only Russian leaders I would consider great - and I'm not sure Gorby is actually popular in Russia.
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[User Picture]From: cousin_it
2011-02-28 11:44 am (UTC)
> and I'm not sure Gorby is actually popular in Russia.

Very unpopular.
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[User Picture]From: maniakes
2011-02-01 06:29 pm (UTC)
There's an old joke about two Red Army soldier stationed in a watchtower over an unpopulated stretch of border country.

One guard looks out over the barren landscape, seeing no signs of any other humans between them and the border. He turns to the other soldier and asks, "Are you thinking what I'm thinking?"

The other soldier considers for a second, then replies, "Yes, comrade, I think I am."

"Then it is my duty to arrest you."
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[User Picture]From: maniakes
2011-02-01 06:42 pm (UTC)
It's occurred to me that revolutions and especially coups often operate as Keynesian Beauty Contests, where power nexuses outside the initial conflict tend to support the side they expect to win regardless of who they want to win, and successful revolutions and coups operate with an initial goal of signaling that they're likely to win, thus changing the Schelling point from supporting the old regime to supporting the rebels.

For example, if the UN decreed January 1st of every new decade to be Official Worldwide Hold A Rebellion Against Your Dictator Day, and everyone agreed to this, then I expect many of the revolutions started on January 1st of new decades would be successful, since everyone knows that's when everyone else will be revolting.

I think this might be why many serious rebellions seem to occur either immediately after a major news event or on a significant anniversary or major holiday, as these are the major natural Schelling points.

While not a rebellion by any means, the Tea Party movement has followed this pattern as well, with the major rallies generally scheduled on April 15 and July 4, these being the natural Schelling points for anti-tax sentiment and patriotic nostalgia for the early US. The movement initially started using the anniversary of the 1773 Boston Tea Party, but that's fallen behind since that's not a well-known enough date.
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[User Picture]From: snysmymrik
2011-02-01 07:15 pm (UTC)
You neglect to put weapons (and other power multipliers) into the equation.
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[User Picture]From: hentaikid
2011-02-01 07:18 pm (UTC)
But are weapons power multipliers in this case? Modern militaries could wipe out whole populations, never mind a few thousand protesters, but they do not. The Egyptian military has stated that they consider the protests legitimate, but even if they did not, what are they going to do?
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[User Picture]From: snysmymrik
2011-02-02 09:55 am (UTC)
In Egypt`s case, it seems the military is part of the rebellion. If they were truly supporting Mubarak, protesters majority wouldn`t matter - because of the weapons.
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[User Picture]From: hentaikid
2011-02-02 12:23 pm (UTC)
Shooting civilian protesters with guns doesn't win wars since the 19th century. Read about the black & tans sometime.

You could maybe swing it in North Korea, no way in Egypt.
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[User Picture]From: gryphonavocatio
2011-02-01 07:52 pm (UTC)
This is a comment on style:

"Everyone knew that ey, personally, hated Stalin. But if he were to ask eir neighbor whether the neighbor also hated Stalin, then the neighbor might report him to the secret police for asking suspicious questions..."

I assume all bolded pronouns have the same referent. This is one reason why I am against invented "gender-neutral" pronouns.

/end{pretensiouslinguist}
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[User Picture]From: gryphonavocatio
2011-02-01 07:53 pm (UTC)
The spelling faux pas is my favorite part of my reply, I should mention.
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[User Picture]From: mercureal
2011-02-01 11:38 pm (UTC)
agreed
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[User Picture]From: ikadell
2011-02-02 02:24 am (UTC)
wasn't it "ze" rather?
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[User Picture]From: squid314
2011-02-02 06:36 pm (UTC)
Yeah, I try to use gender-neutral, but it's very much a "consciously have to remember this" thing and I usually fail miserably.
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[User Picture]From: squid314
2011-02-03 02:25 pm (UTC)
Only Harvey could write a comment to a post about revolution, game theory, and democracy that has nothing to do with revolution, game theory, or democracy.
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[User Picture]From: cynicalcleric
2011-02-03 10:55 pm (UTC)
I think the Egyptian revolution was so successful because the previous Tunisian revolution had just succeeded. That meant everyone in Egypt to some degree expected to have a successful revolution , which meant they were more willing to start a revolution, which means it is more likely to succeed.

I don't see why the morale of revolutionaries should be any different than other morale. Success breeds success; failure breeds failure. Applies to sports teams and armies too.

I wonder if these rebellions will encourage yet another Iranian rebellion? They seem better organized than the protestors in Tunsia, Eygpt, or Yemen but are also facing an Islamist regime (and they're Persia, which seems to have a cultural mindset very different from Arab and North African cultures). Maybe they're waiting to see if Eygpt succeeds since their rebellions thus far don't seem to have accomplished much.

if the UN decreed January 1st of every new decade to be Official Worldwide Hold A Rebellion Against Your Dictator Day

Except I don't think the UN is allowed to encourage rebellion. They can criticize, condemn, embargo, and sanction against a country. But I'd don't think the UN has ever issued a statement suggesting any group should rebel against it's authority. Then again, that may be a UN SOP issue or it might simply be what happens when the USSR and China are part of the Security Council.

It will be a different world when Russia and China change their worldview as it would seem to drastically affect UN Security Council decisions. China is obviously still a repressive authoritarian regime. Even though Russia is not the USSR, nominally democratic instead of communist, and not a superpower but it still seems to behave in many ways like it did during the Cold War: with paranoia about the US and the West and a reluctance to oppose authoritarian regimes. Or as my Foreign Policy professor would put it: they are very driven by realism not idealism.
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